Microreviews in Cell and Molecular Biology

Vaccines have been extremely important in the avoidance of certain diseases, but even then pathogens have continued to evolve and become resistant to vaccines, various types of antibiotics, and other drugs. This is in part due to the environment of the disease and also co-evolution and adaption, but there are issues with the types of vaccines and how they are delivered to the immune system. Some invoke a stronger immune system, and others remain weak and possibly risky. A recent advance in vaccination technology includes synthesizing carbohydrates and conjugating them to bacterial carrier proteins. This new technology aids in avoiding bacterial resistance.